William duly invaded in 1688, James fled, and William and Mary were crowned the following year. A group of prominent Protestants invited James’s Dutch Protestant son-in-law, William of Orange – who was married to James’s eldest daughter, Mary – to intervene. The basis for the succession was determined in the constitutional developments of the seventeenth. The order of succession is the sequence of members of the Royal Family in the order in which they stand in line to the throne. The birth of James II’s male heir made a continuation of Catholic rule more likely. The succession to the throne is regulated not only through descent, but also by Parliamentary statute. But Judge Jeffreys’s brutal Bloody Assizes – the trials of the rebels – and James’s Catholicising policies made the king increasingly unpopular. Boy-King Edward V achieved just 86 days of rule until his sudden and. His army easily defeated the rebellion (1685) of Charles’s illegitimate Protestant son, the Duke of Monmouth. Since William the Conqueror was crowned on Christmas day in 1066, England and later. James II (r.1685–8) did succeed, however. It also saw notable scientific advances, fostered by the Royal Society.įollowing the serial disasters of the Great Plague (1665), the Great Fire of London (1666) and the humiliating Dutch raid on the Medway (1667), the latter years of Charles’s reign were dominated by attempts to exclude his openly Catholic brother James from the succession. Vividly chronicled in the diaries of Samuel Pepys, Charles II’s reign (1660–85) is remembered for its racy court, the revival of theatres, and new developments in art, daily life and architecture, exemplified by Sir Christopher Wren’s London churches. Many castles were pressed into active service for the first time since the Middle Ages and many – like Scarborough in North Yorkshire – underwent epic sieges. They killed a far greater proportion of the populations of England, Scotland and (especially) Ireland than the First World War. The civil wars and their aftermath were calamitous. Both sides armed themselves, and despite a widespread desire for compromise, civil war broke out in August 1642. The shrewd James I (r.160325), who was also James VI of Scotland (and the son of Elizabeth Is cousin Mary, Queen of Scots), successfully. Frustration boiled over as Charles refused to give Parliament real power in State and Church. His subjects became increasingly exasperated by the taxes he levied on them, and by the suppression of Puritanism by William Laud, the Archbishop of Canterbury.Īfter the fiasco of the Bishops’ Wars with the Scots of 1639–40 (provoked by the imposition of Charles’s religious reforms), the king was forced to recall Parliament in a bid to raise money. Impatient with parliamentary control, Charles ruled by royal decree (without Parliament) from 1629 until 1640.
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